Code-controlled apparatus



Sept. ll, 19.45. A. c. WINTER CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec. 28, 1943 ARTHUR C. w/N T512 Y gaz TTO NEYS INVENTOR Sept. 11, 1945. A, C. WINTER 2,384,513

" CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS l Filed De. 28, 1943 Y9 Sheets-Sheet 2v TPANSLA THVG UNIT f; INVENTOR WHL/Q C. W/NE/z j BY Z A. c. WINTER Filed Dec.

CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS INVENTOR Sept. l1, 1945.

Sept. 1l, 1945. A. c. WINTER CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS Filed Deo. 28, 194s 9 sheets-snee; 4 I

Sept. l1, 1945. A. c. WINTER CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS 1943 9 SheetsfSheet "5 Filed Dec.

mem@

All' WQL.

mmv

-Dmww 'BSNEGNOJ NO 5170/1 TNVENTOR ATTORNEYS -WMM Sept. 11, 1945. A. c. WINTER I CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS Filed Dec. 28, 1943 9 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR ARTHUR c. W/NIER -Wm .IIH

Sept. 11, 1945. A. c. WINTER `CODE-coNTRoLLEp APPARATUS 28, A194s 9 Suas-sheet '7 Filed Dec.v

mom

@um En NIQQM.

INVENTOR ART/4U C. WINTER sept. 11,'1945.

A. C: WINTER CODE- CONTROLLED APPARATUS Irl Filed Dec. 28, 1943 PPROA CHES W anu-1 ugly/a0] 0 W. asansvsw saba ZERO ANAUTO/vmr/c @E61/ANON RELAT/o/vsH/p 9 Sheets-Sheet B INVENTOR ARTHU C. W/NTER Sept. ll, 1945. A. c. WINT-ER 52,384,513

CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS Filed Dec. 28, 1943 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 www.

A S un@ Rw Gm y Patented Sept. 1l, 1945 CODE-CONTROLLED APPARATUS Arthur C. Winter, Teaneck, N. J., assigner of onetenth to Henry J. Lucke, East Orange, N. J., and one-twentieth to Philip A. Mallinckrodt, Salt Lake City, Utah Application December 28, 1943, Serial No. 515,952

23 Claims.

This invention relates to apparatus for producing a desired end result in accordance with code signals'transmitted thereto, usually from a remote source.

The invention is closely related to that which is set forth and claimed in my co-pending application Serial No. 399,766, filed June 26, 1941, entitled Radiotelegraph recording device, now U. S. Patent No. 2,338,692, dated January 4, 1944.

The embodiments of apparatus specifically illustrated and described in that patent are representative of the generic inventive concepts there disclosed. They are composed of mechanical elements, and are controlled electrically. They are designed particularly for the receiving of radiotelegraphic code messages, and for ythe translating and printing of such` messages in language form which is intelligible to the average person familiar with the particular language concerned. v The presently illustrated and described inventive embodiments are designed for the same particular purpose, but may be and preferably are wholly electronic and electrical in nature. They exhibit in structure and function substantially kthe same generic characteristics as the patented embodiments, and therefore properly come within the scope of the broad claims of the patent. Nevertheless, they present novel concepts and features which considerably simplify the apparatus, and among other advantages, make its manufacture easier'and less costly, insure even greater accuracy in operative results, reduce the likelihood of operative difliculties, and lessen the cost of operation and maintenance.

Since the general factors affecting the present invention are essentially similar to those affecting the prior invention covered by the aforementioned patent, and are fully set forth therein, they are not here discussed at length.

Sufiice it to say that the radiotelegraphic code ordinarily used today is the so-called Continental code, made up of dot signals, which are normally each one unit of time in length, dash signals, each three units of time in length, spaces between signals, each one unit of time in length,

spaces between letter groups of signals, eachy three units of time in length, and spaces between word groups of letter groups, each've units of time in length. i

The unit of time referred to above has no set duration, but may vary considerably in length fromtime to time in accordance with variations.

in speed of `code transmission. Nevertheless, the space between successive signals in any letter group of signals is normally equal in length to a dot signal and is one-third the length of a "dash signal. It can' therefore be taken as a reference value in determining whether any received signal is a dot or a dash.

For the accomplishing of any desired end result in accordance with transmitted code "messages, there is provided-considering the invention broadly-means for receiving the code messages, as the input part of the apparatus, and result-producing means, as the output part. Intermediate these two parts are disposed corre- Ilated code-signal and thereafter-immediatelyfollowing code-space measuring means; means for comparing the respective measured codesignals with the correlated measured codespaces; means which are responsive t0 the resultant action or other positive effect of the comparing means; and settable or permutation means adapted to be variably set by the responsive means. In addition there is advantageously provided space timing means; regulator means;

and' release means.

The code-signal and code-space measuring means, when provided in multiple and arranged sequentially, require `the further provision of distributor means for successively routing the received code-signals and thereafter-immediately-following code-spaces to their respectively proper measuring means. In this arrangement, the apparatus may be spoken of as comprising a series of individual translating units. The regulator means then serves to correlate the individual translating units, one with the other, and all with the other operative elements of the apparatus.

In the main, the objects of the present invention correspond with the objects of the prior invention, as do likewise the basic structural and i functional features.

Thus, a principal object of the invention is the elimination of human operators for accurately receiving informative messages, directive impressions, or the like, transmitted incode which "is composed of a series of dot and dash signals with interposed spacing.

Another important object is the provision for accurately receiving the matter transmitted whether the speed of transmission be at a slow rate or at a fast rate, orwhether it be variable the manual sending of code messages by human radio operators.

A further feature is the arrangement of identical groups of received code-signal and of thereafter-immediately-following received code-space measuring devices sequentially, in association with a space timing device, and the correlating of the several devices by a speed regulator, conimon thereto, which may be set from time to time, either manually or automatically, to accord with variations in speed of sending of the code messages being received.

Further objects and features of the invention will appear from the following detailed description of the preferred specific embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a wiring diagram representing the apparatus as arranged for manual control of the speed regulator;

Fig. 2, that portion of Fig. 1 which is enclosed by the dotted line 2-2, considerably enlarged;

Fig. 3, a wiring diagram corresponding Vto that of Fig. 1, but the several identical translating units thereof beingrespectively represented in placement only, thereby indicating merely their positions relative to the remaining structure, which is considerably enlarged;

Fig. 4, a top plan view, somewhat enlarged, of the permutation part of the apparatus as illustratedin Fig. 3, portions being broken out for convenience of illustration;

Fig. 5, a diagrammatic representation ofthe voltage relationship existing in a single translating circuit of Fig. 1 when a dot Vis the signal translated;

Fig. 6, a diagrammaticrepresentation similar to that of Fig. 5 but illustrating the voltage relationship when a dash vis the signal translated;

Fig. 7, a diagrammatic representation similar to thosepf Figs. 5 and 6 but illustrating the voltage relationship at such times ,as a no signal condition is registered bya translating circuit;

Fig. 8, a diagrammatic representation illusltrating a voltage relationship in the speed regulator circuit;

Fig. 9 a graph Aplotted 'between volts and time and illustrative of certain functional characteristics of a single translating circuit;

Fig. l0, a similargraph illustrating a different functional characteristic;

Fig. l1, a similar graph illustrating astill different functionalcharacteristic;

. Fig. 12, a similar graph comprehending the operation of Ythe entire apparatus illustrated in Fig. Vl;

Fig. 13, a wiring'diagram showing an alternative arrangement for discharging any condenser, in place of a thyratron'tube of the foregoing figures;

Fig. 14, a wiring diagram detailing a distributor arrangement which may be advantageously vsubstituted for the one illustrated `in Figs. l and 3;

Fig. 15, a wiring diagram illustrating apparatus which may be added to the apparatus of Fig. 1 for adjusting the Vspeed regulator 'automatically;

Fig. 16, a graphic representation of a certain time-voltage lrelationship in the automatically controlled system of the invention;

. Fig, 17, a similar graphic representation of another time-voltage relationship in the lautomatically controlled system of the invention;

Fig. 18, a wiring diagram of a form of simplied permutation and associated translating units; J

Fig. 19, an enlarged view of the simplified permutation device, illustrating the no-signal condition;

Fig. 20, an enlarged View of the simplified permutation device, illustrating the dot condition;

Fig. 21, an enlarged view of the simplified permutation device, illustrating the dash condition.

In the illustrated embodiments of the invention, the respective durations of received code signals and of received code spaces are measured in terms of voltage rather than in terms of the mechanical movements of cam elements.

Thus, instead of providing a character cam and a space cam for each translating unit, a character condenser and space condenser are provided. Likewise, instead of providing a letter cam and a word cam for the space timing unit, a letter condenser and a word condenser are employed. Furthermore, instead of using a pivoted, swinging, frame structure of a mechanical nature as the speed regulator, a voltage, which may be maintained constant or varied by `means of a suitable variable resistance or rheostat, is employed.

Naturally, with the above mentioned replacement of mechanical equipment with 4electrical equipment, the remainder of the apparatus must be changed to suit. Therefore, electrical means are used Vfor the purpose of charging the several condensers at respectively lappropriate rates, for comparing the relative values of the character and space voltages across the respective condensers of each translating unit, and for rapidly discharging the several condensers of the system when the time arrives for the resetting of the apparatus following the printing of a letter. Such electrical means preferably take the form of suitable electronic tubes.

Reference is now made to the manually controlled apparatus of Figs. 1 rthrough 14, wherein the various component elements are indicated by reference characters which are identical with those ldesignating analogous elements in Inv aforementioned patent, and wherein there are four identical code translating units, arranged sequentially, foxtranslating radio-telegraphic code messages into language form readable by an ordinary literate person.

The distributor ,for received code The code-receiving relay |35, Figs. l and 3, has its solenoid |35a arranged to Ymove arm |`35brinto electrical engagement `v`vith contact `|350 when energized by the 'reception of Va code signal, whether a dot or a dash. 'At all other times relay |35 is held 'open by the spring |35d.

The relay arm |3513 is electrically connected 4with a main power supply (labeled such) by appropriate wiring, as illustrated, and the relay contact I35c is likewise connected tothe solenoid`l3'6f of double-keying relay |36. Since arm I3'6a of double-keying relay |36 is also connected to the main power supply, the engagement-thereof with one or the other of its contacts 'l3'6c and I36d brings about the charging of a corresponding one or theother of the condensers 'of the particular translating unit'concerned, the character condenser for a received code-signal and the space condenser for 'a thereafter-immediately-following received code-space.

The solenoid |31! ofstep switch |31 and the solenoid`|38f of step switch `|38 areb'oth electrically connected withthe relay contact |35c, so

that they will be simultaneously energized upon the closing of relayv |35 when a code-signal (a. character) is received. As is explained in the prior application whichresulted in the said Patent No. 2,338,692, the step switches |31 and |38 constitute a distributor device for directing electric current to the particular translating unit of the system appropriate for any given received code-signal and thereafter-immediately-following received code-space. the setting of step switches |31 and |38 determines to which translating unit of the several translating units of the system, current, corresponding to a received code-signal and thereafter-immediately-following received code-space, will be directed for the purpose of building up relative voltages across the plates of the respective character and space condensers of that unit.

Switch contact #l on the switch-plate |31d of the step switch |31, see Fig. 3, is electrically connected to the character condenser, indicated ICC,

'see Fig. l, of the first translating unit, contact #2 to the second (ZCC) contact #3 to the third (SCC), contact #4 to the fourth (4CC) and, should further translating units be supplied, then `subsequent contacts would be supplied for the respective subsequent units.r Similarly, switch contact #l on the switch-plate |38d of step switch |38 is electrically connected to the spacecondenser, indicated ISC, of the first translating unit, contact #2 to the second (2SC) contact #3 to the third (3SC), contact #4 to the fourth (484C) and subsequent contacts to respective subsequent translating units, should any be provided. It should be noted, however, that for a4 reason hereinafter explained, a normally open, sensitive relay 400 is provided in the line between the step switch |38 and the space condenser of each translating unit. Contact of the step switch |38 is a blank, so there will be no current flow when the apparatus is at rest awaiting the transmission of code.

The switch finger |31h of step switch |31 is electrically connected to the filament circuit of a diode electronic tube, which acts as a valve controlling the supply of electricity to the character condensers of the translating units. This diode is designated CD. The contact |36d of doublekeying relay |36 is electrically connected to the plate of the diode CD. It will be noted that arm |36a of the double-keying relay |36 is electrically connected to the main power supply and, therefore, conducts current through the diode into the particular character condenser CC selected by they step switch |31 whenever relay contact |36d is engaged by reason of a code-signal being received by the code-receiving relay |35. The time rate at which a character condenser CC is charged is determined by the setting of the variable resistance or rheostat 40| in the filament circuit of the diode CD.

The contact finger |38h of step-switch |38 is electrically connected with the filament circuit of a diode electronic tube which controls the rate of charging of the space condensers of the translating unit. This diode is designated SD. The contact |38c of double-keying relay |36 is electrically connected with the plate of the diode SD, and, accordingly, the particular condenser SC selected by the step-switch |38 is electrically charged by the main power supply whenever the relay arm 36a engages the Contact |36a upon the reception of a code-space immediately following a received code-signal. V'I'he time rate of charging a space condenser SC is determined by In the present system,

the setting of the variable resistance 402 in the filament circuit of the diode SD.

The translating unit Each translating unit of the series or sequence of same provided for receiving successive pairs of code-signals and the respective, thereafter-immediately-following code-spaces in any given letter group, comprises, in addition to the aforementioned character and space condensers CC and SC, respectively, means for comparing the respective voltages existing across those condensers, means for impressing the resultant of this comparison on the permutation device, and means for relating the voltage across the space condenser SC to the standard regulator voltage.

In addition, each translating unit has associated therewith means for instantaneously discharging the respective character and space condensers thereof, all as described hereinafter.

In the present instance, see especially Figs. 2, 5, 6, and 7, two triode electronic tubes are utilized to compare the respective voltages existing across the character condenser CC and space condenser SC. One of these triodes, designated CV, has its grid electrically connected to the character condenser CC, while the other, designated SV, has its grid electrically connected to the space condenser SC. Respective grid-batteries 403 are provided to normally bias the grids to respective predetermined negative values, for a purpose presently made clear. The triode CV has its filament circuit electrically connected to the positive side of the space condenser SC, while the triode SV has its filament circuit electrically connected to the positive side of the character condenser CC.

Disposed in the plate circuit of the CV triode is a, sensitive relay 404, normally held open, as by means of a spring 404e. Disposed in the plate circuit of the SV triode is a sensitive relay 405, normally held open, as by means of a spring 405e. The grid of the CV triode and the grid of the SV triode are normally biased by their respective batteries 403 to an extent such that when the respective voltages across the character and space condensers are equal, the two triodes are substantially balanced, there being only enough current flowing in the respectve plate circuits thereof as will place the respective sensitive relays 404 and 405 in their critical conditions, just on the Verge of closing. In this condition, any change in the magnitude of either the character or space condenser voltage, making one voltage greater than the other, changes the relative grid biases of the triodes. The grid of one then becomes less negatively biased than the other, producing a greater than normal current ow in its plate circuit, which positively energizes its associated sensitive relay and causes it to close. Thus, either the relay 404 or the relay 405 is forcibly closed against the normal spring tension holding it open, whenever there is an unbalance between the grid biases of the respective triodes CV and SV.

The sensitive relay 404 is electrically connected to a relay coil of a corresponding portion of the permutation part of the apparatus (hereinafter described in detail), while the sensitive relay 485 is electrically connected to a vsecond relay coil thereof. Accordingly, the permutation device is set in accordance with the resultant of the comparison between character voltage and space voltage across the respective character and space condensers of each translating unit, to register either a dot or a dash as the case may be. In its normal, unactuated condition, the permuta tion device is set throughout to register a nosignal.

The adjustable regulator For the purpose of correlating and controlling the operations of the several component parts of the apparatus, and for accommodating the apparatus to changes in speed of code transmission occurring from time to time during operation thereof, regulator means are provided. Such means may be arranged for either manual or automatic adjustment in the making of the apparatus capable of accommodating various speeds, and changes in speed, of code transmission. The manually adjustable system is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 3, with locations indicated for connecting thereto the automatic system of Fig. 15.

The agency by which regulation is attained is voltage-here spoken of as the regulator voltage-which provides a standard reference Value changeable from time to time in accordance with change in speed of code transmission. This voltage is provided in the system by the main power supply, and is furnished through the manually adjustable, variable resistance or rheostat 486, at proper, predetermined values.

Each translating unit of Fig. 1, shown `per se in Fig. 2, is equipped with a third triode electronic tube, designated SR, for the purpose of relating the voltage of the space condenser SC to the regulator voltage. The grid, of this triode SR is negatively biased by a grid-battery 401, and is electrically connected to the main power supply through the rheostat 406. The regulator voltage from the main power supply normally subtracts from the negative bias of the grid suiiiciently to permit such a ow of current in the plate circuit of the triode as will energize the limit switch or relay 400 and hold it closed against the tension of spring 400a.

The space-receiving side (contact |360) of double-keying relay |35 is electrically connected, through the space diode SD and step-switch |38, to both the space condenser SC and the larnent circuit of triode SR whenever the limit switch 400 is closed. The space condenser is directly connected to the lament circuit of the triode. Thus, when the voltage of the space condenser approaches the regulator voltage in value, the resultant grid bias approaches the value of the grid-bias battery 401 voltage. The magnitude of the grid-bias battery voltage is such that the effective plate current flow is critical. A slight increase in plate current flow will hold the relay 400 closed while a slight decrease in plate current will result in the relay or limit switch 400 being opened by relay-spring 400a. Opening of the limit switch 400 cuts off the space condenser SC from its source of supply of electrical current, which means that the extent of charging thereof is limited by the set value of the regulator voltage.

The regulator voltage not only limits the extent of charging of the respective space condensers SC, but also provides a standard reference value for use in determining when letters or other symbols should be printed and when groups of such letters or other symbols, forming words or the like, should be spaced from one another. It is able to serve as it does because other voltages, which are built up at various parts of the system in accordance with the various types of received code-spaces occurring between received code-signals, are built up at different rates of speed (as is fully explained hereinafter).

Space timing system In order to determine when a group of codesignals corresponding to a letter or other symbol has been completed and must be spaced from a next succeeding group, the longer space occurring between code-signal groups is measured in terms of voltage. This voltage is then related to the regulator voltage for the purpose of actuating the printing mechanism of the apparatus.

As in the case of the code-signals and short code-spaces occurring therebetween, it is convenient to use a condenser to measure the respective voltages of the longer letter spaces between codesignal groups, and to charge such condenser at the desired rate of speed by means of a diode electronic tube.

Only one letter condenser, here designated LC, is needed. It is charged by its own diode LD at a rate of speed determined by the setting of the variable resistance 408 associated with the Illament circuit of the diode.

For relating the letter voltage to the regulator voltage in order to bring about printing of the letter (or other symbol) corresponding to a particular series of signals stored up by the permutation part of the apparatus, a triode electronic tube LV is provided. Its grid is given a negative bias, by means of a grid-battery LG, suicient to permit ilow in the plate circuit of enough current to place the sensitive relay coil LR of a triple-switch 409 beyond its critical condition thereby holding the switch away from its spring loaded side.

The triple-switch 409 is equipped with three individual switch arms, 409a, 40919, and 409C, which are held, by means of respective springs 409a|, 409b-I, 4090-4, in closed positions relative to their respective contacts 409d, 409e, and 409! during such times as the relay coil LR, is not effectively energized, that is, during such times as the resultant grid bias due to grid-battery LG, the regulator voltage, and the voltage across the letter condenser LC, halts effective flow of the plate current.

Normally, however, connection of the grid to the main power supply through regulator rheostat 406 brings about a reduction in the negativebiasing eiect of grid-battery 408-4 to an extent equivalent to the value of the regulator voltage, an extent which is sufficient to permit the requisite flow of current in the plate circuit for actuating triple-switch 409. Thus, the arms 409e, 40913, and 409C of triple-switch 409 are normally held out of engagement with their respective contacts 409d, 409e, and 409i, the arms 409a and 409b being held against their respective stops 409g and 409k, and the arm 409e `being held closed relative to its contact 409i.

The main power supply connects with the filament circuit of triode LV and the positive side of the letter condenser LC through a holding relay 4 I 0 and the letter diode LD. The letter condenser is thereby directly connected with the lament circuit of the triode. Accordingly, when the charging of letter condenser LC reaches a stage where the letter voltage approaches the regulator voltage in value, the cancelling-out effect of the regulator voltage on the negative biasing action of grid-battery LG is nullified, effective current ceases to flow in the plate circuit of the triode, and the springs 409af-|, 409b|, and 409c-l become operative to close the switch arms 409e.

4091 and 409C, respectively, relative to their respective contacts 409d, 409e and 409).

Closing of switch arm 409e relative to its contact 409i completes, from the main power supply and through that particular letter (or other symbol) circuit of the permutation part of the apparatus which has been set in accordance with the received code signals, an electrical circuit to the solenoid supplied for that panticular letter, here shown as the solenoid 4|| associated with the R key of the printing device. (Note that both the switch arm 409e and the main power supply are grounded.)

Thus, a particular letter corresponding to a letter-group of received code-signals is printed out by means of a particular letter-solenoid actlng on a printing device (described hereinafter) Whenever the switch arm 409e is closed relative to its contact 409i. Such closing of triple-switch 409 occurs whenever the voltage across the letter condenser LC approaches the regulator voltage in value. 'i

The holding relay 4|0 is essentially a doublepole single-throw -switch having two coils: a coil 4|0a, which is electrically connected with the ground and with character contact |36d of double-keying relay |36 so as to :be energized whenever relay |36 closes relative to such character contact, and a holding coil Hub, which is energized by reason of the closing of switch arm 4|c relative to its corresponding contact 4|0d, the latter occurring whenever coil 4|0a is energized. The switch arm 4|0e of holding relay M6 is, of course, also closed relative to its corresponding contact 4|0f whenever coil 4|0a is energized by reason of a code signal being received by the apparatus. It is held in closed position by the energized holding coil 4|0b, even though double-keying relay |36 opens relative to its character contact |3611 and closes relative to its space contact |360 when the code-signal ceases and the subsequent code-space commences.

It should lbe noted that the switch arms 4|0c and 4|0e of holding relay 4|0 are preferably mechanically interconnected, and are normally held open relative to their respective contacts 4I0d and M0! by a spring 4|0-|. Thus, until a code signal is initially received by the apparatus, closing double-keying relay |36 relative to its character contact I36d and thereby energizing relay coil 4|0a, the circuit for supplying current to the letter condenser LC is open and the condenser will not be charged. Upon the reception of a code-signal, however, and the consequent closing of both switch arms of holding relay M0, the circuit will be closed and current will be 'routed kto the letter condenser during the reception of a subsequent code-space until such time as the triple-switch 409 is actuated by the several springs thereof (in the manner explained hereinbefore). At that time, the switch arm 409C opens relative to its contact 409i, thereby breaking the circuit by which holding coil 4|Bb of holding relay 410 is energized. At the same time, it will be remembered, it also closes is in condition for again routing current to the letter condenser. It should not be thought, however, that there is a sequential buildingup of charges in the letter condenser as successive short code-spaces occurring between code-signals of a single letter-group of code-signals are received. The letter condenser is discharged, by

means hereinafter describedimmediately after occurring ybetween word-groups of letters is measured in terms of voltage, which 'is then related to the regular lvoltage for the purpose of actuating the word-spacing mechanism ofthe apparatus.

A word condenser, designated WC, is employed as the word-space measuring means.` It is charged yby, its own diode WD at a rate of speed determined by the setting of the variable resistance M5, associated with the filament circuit of that diode.

A triode electronic tube WV is utilized to relate the voltage of the word condenser WC to the regulator voltage in the saine manner as the triode LV relates the voltage of the letter condenser LC to the regulator voltage. A grid-battery 4|6 corresponds to the grid-battery LG of the triode LV, and the electrical ,connection between'grid and main power supply is similar. A sensitive rela-y coil WR corresponds to the relay coil LR, but the relay proper or switch 4|1 has only a single arm 4|1a, which is held open against a limit-Stop lllb so long as effective current is owing in the plate circuit of the triode, and which is closed relative to its contact 4|lc by the action of its spring 4|1a-l whenever the resultant grid bias due to grid-battery M6, the regulator voltage, and the voltage across the word condenser WC, halts effective flo-w of the plate current. The filament circuit and the word condenser connect with the main power supply through word diode lWD and the space contact 136e cf double-keying relay |36, but not through the holding relay 4H), since the relay 4|`| has no release switch for limiting the charging of word condenser WC, as does the letter relay 499, and it is therefore unnecessary to guard against repeated cycles of alternate charging and discharging of they condenser when the apparatus is at rest but ready and awaiting to receive transmit ted code. .l

When the voltage of word condenser WC approaches the regulator voltage in value, effective plate current ceases to flow in the plate circuit of triode WV and relay 4H closes relative to its contact Ml'c. This closes a local word-spacing circuit comprising a solenoid 4|8 and a battery M9. The solenoid is mechanically connected to space bar SB of the printing device, so that energization of the solenoid causes word-spacing between groups of printed letters.

It should be noted that the word-spacing circuit may receive its power from the main power Supply by appropriate electrical connection therewith. It is' only for convenience of illustration that the separate power source 4|9 is employed" Permutation and printing devices In the illustrated embodiments printing is accomplished by a typewriter, which may be of conventional construction in many respects. Instead of the standard platen and carriage, however, it is preferable that an attachment be utilized which will enable printing to be carried out on a continuous ribbon of paper, so there will be no necessity for returning the carriage to an initial position at the end of a line nor for rotating the platen to space lines from top to bottom of a sheet of paper. Typewriters with such an attachment may be purchased on the open market, and constitute no part of the present invention.

It is desirable that the typewriter be electrically actuated and controlled. It may be equipped with individual solenoids for the respective keys in a manner well known, energization of a solenoid actuating a corresponding key of the typewriter. A separate solenoid may be provided for the space bar of the typewriter for the purpose of word-spacing.

The typewriter as a whole is not illustrated, but one letter-key thereof, the R key, is represented diagramrnatically with its associated solenoid, 4H, as is, also, the space bar, SB with its associated solenoid 4|8, see Figs. 1 and 3.

The permutation part of the apparatus here conveniently takes the form of a plurality of sets of paired switches 420 and 42|, respectively, a set being provided for each symbol which at some time it may be desired to have printed (as, for instance, for each of the several letters of the alphabet, running from A to Z, shown in Fig. 4), and, in each set, paired switches being provided in number corresponding to the total number of translating units in the apparatus.

Corresponding switches of the several sets are mechanically connected in sideeby-side relationship, so as to swing as a unit when actuated. The two switches 420 and 42| 0f each pair are electrically interconnected in series relationship, but those switches which are mechanically connected are electrically insulated from one another, as by the insulating material 422, Fig. 4.. Each switch arm is arranged to swing between two opposite switch contacts, a switch arm 420e between switch contacts 42027 and 420e and a switch arm 42|a between switch contacts 42|b and 42|c, when actuated by associated master relay coils PR| and PR2, respectively, or when returned to normal no-signal positions by return springs 420| and 42|-|, respectively. The single master relay coils PRI and PR2 take care of actuating all the side-by-side, mechanically connected, switch arms 42Ua and 42|a, respectively, associated with a translating unit of the apparatus. Duplicate master relay coils are provided for each translating unit, the coil PRI being electrically connected with the sensitive relay 405 associated with the SV triode, and the coil PR2 with the sensitive relay 404 associated with the CV triode, so that they are energized when the respective sensitive relays are closed.

Each set of several paired switches 420 and 42|, corresponding to a particular letter or symbol which may represent a group of received. code-signals, has its switch contacts electrically connected in a manner peculiar to itself, so that, when its several switch arms are thrown in a similar peculiar manner by reason of the reception by the apparatus of a similar peculiar grouping of code-signals, a closed circuit exists between the main power supply and that particular letter solenoid concerned, by way of the particular series of switches.

This is well illustrated by the particular set of several paired switches appearing in Figs. 1, 3, and 4, which is wired to respond to the group of code-signals representing the letter R, and which is electrically connected to the letter solenoid 4|| associated with the R typewriter-key. The letter R is represented by the code-signals dot dash dot so the wiring is thus: from the main power supply to switch contact 4201 of the nrs@ translating unit (because the initial reception of a dot code-signal closes sensitive relay 485, energizes master relay coil IPRI, and throws switch arm 420a into engagement with switch contact 42519, thereby closing the circuit so far as the rst translating unit is concerned); from contact 42|c of the first translating unit to contact 420C of the second translating unit (the former, because switch arm 42 la of the rst translating unit is normally urged against its contact 42|e by spring tension and master relay coil :'PR2 is only energized by the reception of a dash code-signal; the latter, because the reception of the second 4code-signal, a dash, leaves arm 420e of the second translating unit in its normal, spring-urged position engaging its Contact 420C) from contact 42|?) of the second translating unit to contact 420D of the third translating unit (the former, because the dash code-signal-effective on the second translating unit-energizes master relay coil 2PR2, which throws arm 42|a of the second translating unit into engagement with its contact ZIb; the latter, because the reception of the third code-signal, a dot, necessitates the same wiring arrangement as for the first translating unit) .from contact 42|e of the third translating unit to Contact 420e of the fourth translating unit (the former, to complete the similarity of wiring arrangement for the rst and third translating units; the latter, because there is no fourth codesignal in the group representing the letter "R and both switch arms of the fourth translating unit will remain in their normal, spring-urged positions); and from contact 42|c of the fourth translating unit to the solenoid 4| (for the reason immediately foregoing).

This wiring arrangement for the letter R set or series of paired switches therefore produces a closed circuit from the main power supply to the letter R solenoid 4| whenever the letter-group of code-signals dot dash dot is received by the apparatus, resulting in the printing of the letter R upon the reception of a subsequent long, letter-type of code-space.

It can be easily seen that other wiring arrangements peculiar to the particular groups of code-signals representing other letters or symbols will result in such other letters or symbols being printed by the apparatus. It is not considered necessary that such other wiring arrangements be detailed here. Accordingly, they are merely indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 4.

Release system the several voltage-measuring condensers of the system.

The discharge must be substantially instanta- I neous, since time is of the essence in the operation of the apparatus. It is preferable to utilize a special type of triode electronic tube for this purpose, the same being well known and obtainable in the open marketI under the name Thyratronf This electronic tube is designed to carry a heavy current flow, and possesses the outstanding characteristic that, given a certain negative bias on its grid such that there will be no flow of current in its plate circuit, lessening of this negative grid bias suiciently to start the flow of plate current will cause the grid to lose its control beyond the possibility of recovery, even by the restoration of a high negative grid bias. The grid cannot recover control until after current has ceased to flow in the plate circuit of the tube.

This characteristic of a thyratron tube renders it especialy valuable as a condenser-discharging agency. Further, since the tube permits current flow in only one direction, no undesirable oscillations will be set up in the system by a discharging condenser. Too, the discharging of a condenser is substantially instantaneous, as required.

Each condenser of the apparatus is equipped With a corresponding thyratron. Thus, there is ar thyratron CT for the character condenser CC of4 each translating unit, and a thyratron ST for the space condenser SC thereof. Further, there is a thyratron LT for the letter condenser LC, and a thyratron WT for the word condenser WC.

The grids of the respective CT thyratrons and of the respective ST thyratrons are electrically connected in common to the negative terminal of a grid-battery 425 through a resistance 426, the latter serving tov protect the grid-battery from short circuiting when the grid-battery circuit is closed by engagement of the switch arm 409D of triple switch 409 with its contact 409e.

The character condensers CC and the space condensers SC of the respective translating units are connected across the filaments and plates of their respective thyratrons CT and ST, and are therefore arranged to be substantially instantaneously discharged by the thyratrons at such times as the negative bias on their grids-furnished by grid-battery 425-is lowered to ground potential by reason of the closing of the gridbattery circuit.

Thus, the closing of switch arm 409b of tripleswitch 409 relative to its contact 409e, which is brought about by the action of spring 409b| whenever the letter voltage approaches the regulator voltage in value, causes substantially instantaneous discharge of the several CC and SC condensers. letter or other symbol is printed by the printing device of the apparatus. In this connection it should be noted that the springs 409a-I and 409b-I are somewhat weaker than the spring 409c| so there will be a short, predetermined time lag between the closing of switch arm 409C, which actuates theV printing device, and the above-discussed switch arm 409b| which causes discharge of the character and space condensers CC and SC, respectively, and 40911-4, which causes discharge of letter condenser LC through thyratron LT.

In order to reset the step switches |31 and |38 to their initial positions following the printing of a letter, a mechanical arrangement operated by an electro-magnet 430, Fig. 3, can be used. The electro-magnet 430 is electrically connected between the main power supply and contact 409 ,f of the triple-switch 409, so that it is energized whenever the switch arm 409c closes relative to This occurs immediately after a the printer contact 409f. Inother words, it is energized simultaneously with the printing of a letter or other symbol. l

Referring now to the mechanical arrangement illustrated in the upper right-hand corner of Fig. 3, wherein the step switches |31 and |38 are represented from a structural standpoint, as distinguished from their representation diagrammatically in the same figure. The contact fingers |3171, and |3811, are rigidly connected to respective stub shafts, upon which are rigidly mounted respective pinions arranged to be rotated, stepby-step, by the respective ratchet arms |31a and |38a, the arm |31a being effective as it is pulled upwardly by spring |31g when the solenoid |31f is deenergized, and the arm |38a being effective as it is pulled downwardly by the solenoid |38f when the same is energized. Release arms |311 and |38i are vprovided for releasing the ratchets of arms |31a and |38a, respectively, whenever the release linkage 43| is actuated by energization of the electro-magnet 430. Spiral springs |311' and |387', tensioned by movement of thev respective contact fingers |31h and |38h from the lower to the higher numbered contacts on the respective switch discs |31d and |38d, serve to return such contact fingers to their respective initial positions when energization of the electro-magnet 430 releases the respective contacts.

The letter thyratron LT is arranged to discharge the letter condenser LC not only following the printing of a letter or other symbol, but also after the reception of each short code-space occurring between successive code-signals of any letter-group of received code-signals.

The grid of the letter thyratron LT is normally negatively biased by a grid-battery 435, which feeds into the grid through a resistance 436. This grid circuit electrically connects with the ground, on one hand, and with the character contact |36d of double-keying relay |36, on the other hand, through a resistance 431, which, by reason of the intermediate connection therewith of the grid circuit, functions as a voltage divider. Accordingly, whenever the double-keying relay |36 is closed relative to its space contact |36c, during the reception of a code-space, the grid battery 435 maintains an effective negative bias on the grid. However, when the double-keying relay |36 closes relative to its character contact |36d, the effective negative bias on the grid is destroyed by the positive charge supplied from the main power supply, and the letter thyratron LT becomes effective to instantaneously discharge the letter condenser LC, which is connected between its filament and plate.

The switch arm 409a, and contact 409d of triple switch 409 are also electrically connected with the grid circuit of the letter thyratron LT. Thus, when such switch arm 409a closes relative to its contactk 409d, providing a closed circuit across grid battery 435, the negative biasing voltage is reduced placing the grid bias at or near ground potential. The letterv thyratron thereupon becomes effective to instantaneously discharge the letter condenser LC.

It should be noted, in this connection, that the spring 409a-|, which brings about the closing of switch arm 409a relative to its contact 409d, as above explained, is somewhat weaker than either of the other springs 409b| and 409c| of the triple switch. \Its action is therefore delayed slightly longer, thereby timing discharge of the letter condenser an instant after the printing of a letter and the resetting of the other portions of the apparatus.

The word thyratron WT is arranged to discharge the word condenser WC during the reception of any and every code-signal, but not, additionally, merely because a letter has been printed, as in the case of the letter thyratron.

The word condenser must hold and continue to receive the charge due to the reception of an extra-long code space denoting word spacing after the printing of a letter, if it is to perform its appointed function successfully.

The grid of the word thyratron WT is supplied with a grid battery 438 which normally provides an effective negative grid bias. This grid circuit of the word thyratron is electrically connected to the voltage divider 431, so that an eiective grid bias is maintained at such times as the double-keying relay |36 is closed relative to its space Contact |360, but not when closed relative to its character contact |3511. Since the Word condenser WC is connected across the plate and lament of the word thyratron, breaking down of the effective negative grid bias accomplishes the instantaneous discharge of the condenser. This occurs, it should be noted, during such times as a code-signal is being received by the apparatus.

Operation Operative characteristics of the various' component parts of the apparatus have been set forth hereinbefore with the structural description. Only correlated operation of the apparatus as a whole remains to be explained.

Consider Figs. 1 and 3, wherein is illustrated the apparatus in its entirety, complete with code-receiving means, distributor means, four individual translating units, permutation means, space-timing means, regulator means, printing and spacing means, and release or resetting means. The whole is pictured in the condition it assumes immediately following the reception of the letter-group of successive code-signals dot dash dot representing the letter R, but before the actual printing of the letter.

Before the rst dot signal was received by the apparatus, the contact linger I31h of step switch |31 rested on its #l contact, as indicated by dotted lines, and the contact linger |3871. of step switch |38 on its #0 contact, also as indicated by dotted lines. The arm |35?) of codereceiving relay |35 was held, as shown, out of engagement with its contact I 35e, and arm |3Ial of double-keying relay |36 closed relative to its space contact I3lc, also as shown. The relay 404 and the relay 485 of each of the four translating units were open, and the limit-switch 439 of each of the four translating units closed. The several paired switches 4 2!) and 42| of each of the sets thereof in the permutation device were in their respective normal positions, no one of the permutation circuits being closed. The switches 4 IBC and 4me of the holding relay 4I0 were both open. The arms 409e and 409D of triple switch 4&9 were held open, against their limit stops 409g and 40gb., respectively, and the arm 409C thereof closed relative to its contact 499i, as shown. The spacing-relay 4I1 was held closed, to thereby energize solenoid 4I8 and hold the space bar SB in its actuated position.

Upon the reception of the rst dot signal, the code-receiving relay |35 closed, thereby closing the double-keying relay |38 relative to its character contact I 36d and allowing current to feed from the main power supply to the first character condenser ICC by way of the rate-controlling diode CD and the #l Contact of the step switch |31. Current from the main power supply energized coil 4I0a of the holding relay 4H), thereby closing the two switches thereof and placing the letter circuit in condition for charging the letter condenser I C from the main power supply by way of the switch 4I0e of holding-relay 4I!) and ratecontrolling diode LD. The main power supply ls connected through contact I36d across the voltage divider 431 which causes a. lower grid bias on letter thyratron LT and word thyraton WT. At this time only the word condenser WC is charged, hence it becomes discharged through WT. This action causes the release of space bar SB.

The solenoid I31f of step switch |31, it should be noted, was energized, placing its arm |3111 in position to advance its contact finger I31h one step upon the reception of the next subsequent code-space. The solenoid I38f of step switch |38 was also energized, thereby advancing contact finger I38h from the #0 to the #l contact. ready for handling the subsequent code-space.

During the rest or short code-space which occurred prior to the reception of the next codesignal, the code-receiving relay |35 opened; the solenoid of step switch |31 was de-energized. thereby allowing contact nger I31h to be moved by the spring I31g from the #l to the #2 contact; double-keying relay |36 closed relative to its space contact |360; current flowed from the main power supply to the space condenser ISC of the flrst translating unit by way of rate-controlling diode SD, the #l contact of step switch |38, and the closed limit-switch 400 of the rst translating unit. Current from the main power supply also flowed to the letter condenser LC by way of the closed holding-relay 4I0 and the rate-controlling diode LD. Further, current from the main power supply flowed to the word condenser WC by way of rate-controlling diode WD.

Because regulator voltage was impressed upon the grid of the ISR triode, the ISC space condenser continued to be charged until the voltage thereacross approached in value the regulator voltage, whereupon current ceased flowing in the plate circuit of the ISR triode, and its limitswitch 400 opened, thereby positively preventing further charging of that condenser, It should be noted that if the space had been shorter than required to approach the regulator voltage in value limit-switch 400 would not have opened, but the circuit to ISC would have been opened at step-switch |38.

With both the character condenser ICC and the space condenser ISC charged, the respective voltages thereof were compared by the ICV triode and the lsv triode, with the result that the relay 405 of the rst translating unit closed, and the rst group of paired switch units of the permutation device were thereupon closed by master relay IPRI, all in the manner heretofore explained.

With the exception of the dash signal, relay |35 again closed, the solenoid of step switch |31 was again energized to place such step switch in condition for advancement by its spring I31g upon the next succeeding code-space; the solenoid of step switch |38 was again energized, thereby advancing the contact linger I38h into engagement with its #2 contact; and the character condenser 2CC of the second translating unit was charged. During this time, both the letter condenser LC and the word condenser WC were discharged by their respective thyratrons, inthe mannerexplained hereinbefore. t

During the immediately-following short codespace, relay |35 opened; contact finger |31hof step switch |31 was moved from its #r2 to its #3 contact; arm |38a of step switch |38 was placed in condition, by Vits spring I38g, for moving the contact nger |38h intor engagement with itsv#3 contact upon reception o f the next code-signal; charging of the space-condenser 2SC was limited by the opening of its limit-switch 400 as its voltage approached the regulator voltage in value; the respective voltages of the character condenser 2CC and space condenserV 2SC were compared, thereby causing the second group of paired switch units of the permutation device to be closed by master relay 2PR2, so as to represent a dash signal. and the word condenser WC were being charged by way of their respective rate-controlling diodes LD and WD. 4

Upon the reception of the final signal or dotv of the-R letter-group being received;A relay |35 closed; step switch |3`|v was" placed in readiness Vfor moving its contact linger |3171. into engagement with the #4 contact; stepswitch |38 was energized to move its contact finger |38h into engagement with its #3 contact; and the'character condenser 3CCy of the third'translating unit was charged. During this time, both the letter condenser LC and word condenser 'WC were discharged. I k

During the following code-space, which, in that instance, `was a long space ofthe type occurring between letter-groups of successive code-signals, relay |35 opened; step switch |31 was spring actuated to move its contact linger |3'|h into engagement with its #4 contact; step switch |38 was made ready to movevits contact finger |3811. into engagement with its #4 contact uponl the reception of a subsequent code-signal; charging of the space condenser 3SC was cut olf by the opening of its limit-switch 400 when the voltage thereacross approached the regulatorV voltage in value; the respective voltages of the character condenser 3CC and space condenser-3SC were compared, and caused master relay 3PR| to close the third group of paired switchunits of the permutation device so as to represent av dot signal; This is the stage of 'operation'illustrated Continuing from this stage: the letter condenser 1C will continue to be charged until the voltage thereof approaches the regulator voltage in value,k whereupon the triple switch 409 will open relative to contact 409i, thereby releasing holding switch 4 0 and then holding switch 409, and will close relative to: first, its contact llllSf,l which actuates the printing device to print the letter R in accordance with the closed circuit existing through the Rset of paired switches of the permutation device, and which energizes the electro-magnet 43|), thereby resetting the step switches |31 `and |38 to their initial positions, -see the upper righthand corner of Fig. 3; second, its contact Mlle, which accomplishes, through their respective thyratrons, substantially instantaneous discharge of the respective character condensers CC and space 'condensers SC of the,threetranslating units brought into action; and,r third, ltscontact 409d, which accomplishes discharge of the' letter condenser LC. f

The letter R willi/then becom'pletely translated from the received group of successive codeslgnals and interposed short code-spaces, rand .the apparatus completely reset to its initial -con- Meanwhile, both the letter condenser LC dition readv for the reception of further code. That is, all of the apparatus except the word condenser WCv will'be released. The latter will remain charged until either the reception of a subsequent code-signal by the apparatus brings aboutY its'discharge in the manner previously explained, or, should an extra long SDM@ fOllOW the letter-group of ycode-signals which represented the letter Rgv the charging of the word condenser C -to an extent where 'its voltage approaches the regulator voltage in value causes the halting of iiow `of eiective current in the plate circuit o l' the Vtrioiie WV, thereby enabling relay lll to close by/ spring action, Awhich actuatcs the vletter-'spacing mechanism SB of the apparatus.' l y Time-voltage relationships Y `A matter of great importance in the invention is the' manner in 'which the vcode-'signals and codespacesare measured, so that adequate time relationships are established between the several operative parts of tne'apparatus. 'l'he measurements` are-'carriedou't at respectively diilerent time rates; 1n so doing, not only can a very eii'e'ctive'v comparison of measurements of respective code-signals be made ywith the measurements oi' short code-spaces (the type which occur between successive code-signals oi a letter-group or code-signals), but'a particular measurement can be adopted as avstandard relerence value, to which the several varieties of code-spaces ishort, long, and extra-long) can be related or compared for the purpose or initiating various essential actions-oi' 'thev agpparatus.l Tins standard reierence n ieasu're'ment, then, provides a regulator for correlating theactlons or the various operative parts y ofthe apparatus.-

So yfar asthefpresent invention is concerned, inthe translating of received code, and in the handling or' the translated code to accomplish a desired` endy result,`such as the printing of a translated message in the form or letters and words, the time rates at Winch the various code# space vandcode-'signalvoltages arelbuilt up in the respective condensers are of outstanding im- POrtance'..

Itl wouldbe well" now to refer to the graph of Fig. l2,- whereinI voltage'is plotted against time.

Asppreviously` mentioned, the embodiments herey speciiically illustrated are described and explained i'rom the 'standpoint of "Continental cooe, wnichisy lmade up or dot-and-dash codesignals with interposed code-spaces, the individual code-signals and code-spaces being respectively equal to or multiples oi' a single unit o'r time. lThe short code-space occurring between suocessive code-signals of va letter-group of .code-signals is Vequal in length to one unit of time, and, as-an important yfeature oi both this and; .the prior patent application, is used as a value with which a code-signal is compared in order to. determine whether that code-signal is aldot or a dash; This is possible because the length'oi 'a iiot code-.signal is aisoequal to one unit of; time, while'the length of a dash codesignal is three times as long, or equal to three units: of time. With respect fto the several types oi code-spaces, a long code-spaceoccurring betweensuc'cessive letteregroups of code-signals is equalyto three unitsof timelthree times the length of a short code-space) and an extra-long space" vvoccurring k.between word-groupings of letter-'groups ofvcode-s'ig'nals is equal to five units of time (live times the lengthofa shcrt codespace). 'I'he regulator voltage is'given a value of 2X volts, X being' any particular quantity found suitable as a working unit lor the particular apparatus concerned. Then'the character diode CD is set to charge the character condenser CC of any translating unit atY such a rate that a charge of X volts will be obtained in one unit of time, and the space diode SD is set so that it will charge the space condenser SC of any translating unit at the rate of 2X volts' in one unit of time. That is, it will take two units of time to charge the character condenser to a value equivalent to the regulator voltage, but only one unit of time t so charge the space condenser. This rate relationship will vary depending upon the type of code used, but is as above-stated for the Continental code.

The letter Vdiode LD is so set as to charge the letter condenser LC at the rate of 2X volts in two units of time, and the word diode WD is so set as to charge the word condenser WC at the rate of 2X volts in four units of time, all as graphically portrayed in Fig. l2. A

Referring now to Fig. 5, while keeping in mind the hereinbefore explained operative characteristics of a translating unit of the apparatus, it can be seen that the comparison of a charge of X volts across a character condenser CC with a charge of 2X Volts across a corresponding Aspace condenser SC, by means of a triode CV and a triode SV, results in the closing of the associated relay 405 and the registering of a dot signal on the permutation device.

Similarly, it can be seen in Fig. 6 that the comparison of a charge of 3X volts across a character condenser CC with a. charge of 2X volts across a corresponding space condenser SC results inthe closing of the associated relay 4M and the registering of a dash signal on the permutation device.

Fig. 7 shows that whenever the character condenser CC and the space condenser SC of a translating unit are charged substantially equally, regardless of the value of the charges, both relays 405 and 404 remain open andano-.signal condition is registered on the permutation device.

The diagrammatic representation of Fig. 8 corresponds generally to that of Fig. 5, `but, shows how the SR triode of a translating` unit relates the voltage building up across the space condenser SC to the regulator voltage 2X, bringing about the opening of the associated limit-switch 400 when the voltage across the space condenser approaches the 2X regulator voltage.

The graph of Fig. 9 portrays Ithe charging of a condenser at a particular rate; .the voltage across the condenser increasing with time .by reason of the rate-controlling diode through whichcharging is accomplished. It also portrays the substantially instantaneous discharge of the condenser, which is brought about if and when the grid bias of the associated discharge thyratron loses its control.

The graph of Fig. l0 portrays the effect on the rate of current flow through .a charge-controlling diode, which results from increasing the niament current of the diode by suitable adjustment of the filament rheostat.

The graph of Fig. 11 illustrates the fact that the higher the negative grid bias of a thym-tron, the higher the plate voltage can be `before the grid loses control. It should be noted that the grids of the various thyratrons of the apparatus are advantageously biased so high that they will not lose control even though the full voltage of the main power supply be impressed acres the condensers concerned.

ampia With respect to the charging of the letter condenser LC and word condenser WC, it should be noted that, in 'both instances, the condensers measure Vthe full time lengths of their respective code-spacers. That is, charging thereof commences at the same time as the charging of a space condenser 8C of a translating unit commenees, and continues concurrently therewith.

The regulator voltage can be adjusted to amv value necessary for agreement with various degrecs of. speed of code transmission. In the manually regulated embodiment of Figs. 1 and 3, the regulator voltage is adjusted by means of manually resetting the variable resistance ror rheo- Automatic regulation The present electronic system may be automatically regulated in a manner analogous to the mechanicalstructure of the hereinbefore referred to Patent No. 2,338,692.

A preferred electronic system for accomplishing this automatic regulation is illustrated diagrammaticallyinFigwasanawdliaI-yot the main electronic system of the invention, to be connected therein by means of the manually operable -electric switches 440 and MI, Figs. 1 and 3, .at the option of the user. As illustrated, the system of Fig. l5 is electrically tied into the main system at the points marked J, L, M, .and N, Figs. l, 3, sindA 15. For convenience in explaining the operation of this auxiliary automatic system, the double-keying relay |36 and the two step switches |31 and |38, respectively, are included in the showing of Fig. l5.

As fully explained in the above-mentioned patent, regulation of the apparatus, automatically, is accomplished by utilizing the time length of that short code-space which occurs first in a letter-group of received code-signals as the measure of the regulator value for the next subsequent letter-group `of received code-signals. Then, if the letter E or the letter "T (represented by a single dot and a single dash codesignal, respectively) is received after any other letter or symbol which is represented by a group of several code-signals, the regulator value remains unchanged and at the value to which it .was `set by the measure of that short code-space which occurred rstin the immediately preceding letter-group of received code-signals.

From this, it can be seen that the regulator value is reset with every letter or symbol (except .E and T). When there is a change in the speed of transmission of code being received, as reflected by diiering measurements of time lengths of the first short code-spaces of the respective letter-groups of code-signals, the regulator voltage is properly adjusted automatically.

In the present instance, a condenser SMC is provided for receiving the measurement ot the kfirst short rcode-space in any letter-group of codesignals, a diode SMD being provided for charging the condenser as and when required. In order to retain or hold the measurement of the spacemeasuring condenser SMC for use in resetting the regulator voltage upon the reception of a next subsequent letter-group or code-signals, two condensers SHCI and SHC2, respectively, are provided, and are charged alternately, through respective limit-switches 251 and 258, by means of a single diode SHD.

Regulator voltage is maintained by two condensers, the main regulator voltage by a cdenser RC and the word-regulator voltage by a condenser WRC. These condensers are charged simultaneously, a convenient way being through a pair of diodes RD and WRD which have common connection with both a limit-switch 295 and a limit-switch 296. It is entirely possible however to accomplish such simultaneous charging through a single diode.

Charging of the several condensers mentioned above is controlled by an auxiliary distributing system, and is advantageously accomplished by suitable connection with the main power supply. as illustrated.

The auxiliary distributing system includes a triple alternator 380, having the three individual alternators 3D0-I, 30D-2, and 308--3. It also includes the two step switches |31-I and |38-|, auxiliary to the step switches |31 and |38, respectively, of the main system, because it is necessary to route current through the diodes of the automatic system independently of the diodes of the main system. The auxiliary step switches are advantageously connected mechanically with the main ones for simultaneous and corresponding actuation therewith, but should be electrically insulated therefrom, as indicated.

' lThe auxiliary step switch |31-| is provided with a single contact, #2, which corresponds with the #2 contact of the main step switch |31. It opens and closes with respect to this contact at the same time the main step switch |31 opens and closes with respect to its #2 contact.

The auxiliary step switch |38| is similarly related to the main step switch |38 as respects its single contact #1.

The contact finger of auxiliary step switch |38| is electrically connected with the auxiliary space contact |36c-I of double-keying relay |36, while the single contact, #1, thereof is electrically connected with the plate of diode SMD. The lament of this diode is electrically connected with vthe space-measuring condenser SMC.

Following the reception of the first code-signal in any letter-group of successive code-signals, the double-keying relay |36 closes relative to its space contact |366 and auxiliary space contact |36c-|. Current is thus routed through the single contact, #1, of auxiliary step switch |38| (#1 contact engaged by contact finger when this auxiliary step switch was moved one step along with movement of the main step switch |38 from its #0 to its #l contact during the reception of the f irst code-signal) and through the diode SMD to the spacemeasuring condenser SMC, at a rate determined -by the setting of the filament-rheostat 458 of the SMD diode, during the time-length of the iirst short-code-space of the said letter-group of successive code-signals.

The single contact, #1, of auxiliary step switch |38| is also electrically connected to the contact finger of alternator 300-2. The black contacts of alternator 380-2 are electrically interconnected and electrically connected in common with the contact of limit switch 295, while the White contacts thereof are also electrically interconnected, but are electrically connected in common with the contact of limit switch 296.

Thus, during the time-length of the first short code-space of the said letter-group of successive code-signals, current flows to either oneor the other of the limit-switches 295 and 296, depending upon whether the finger of alternator 308-2 rests on a black contact'l or a white contact. One or the other of these two limit-switches is normally .lcloseld,. therefore current will flow through the lcondensers SHCI and SHC2.

two diodesfRD and WRD, simultaneously, and fromthere directly to the regulator condenser RC and the word-regulator condenser WRC, respectively. The respective illament-rheostats 45| and 452 of the diodes RD and WRD are set so that the two condensers RC and WRC will be charged at exactly the same rate.

Closing of the limit-switches 295 and 296 depends upon voltage relationships handled by the triodes RVI and RV2, respectively, as explained in detail hereinafter.

Auxiliaryfstep switch |31-I has its contact finger electrically connected with the auxiliary character contact |36d1 of double-keying relay |36, and has its single contact, #2, electrically connected to the plate of the diode SHD. The filament of this diode is electrically connected to the contact finger of the alternator 30D-I. A rheostat 453 is connected in its filament-circuit.

The electrically interconnected white contacts of alternator S-I are in circuit with the contact of the limit-switch 251, while theelectrically interconnected black contacts thereof are in circuit with the contact of the limit-switch 258. The movable arm of limit-switch 251 is electrically connected tothe i'lrst space-holding condenser SHCI, while the movable arm of limit-switch 258 is electrically connected to the second space-holding condenser SHC2. Thus, it can be seen that either one or the other of the condensers SHCI and SHC2 is charged through the diode SHD during the reception of the second code-signal in any letter-group of received code-signals. The extent of this charging is limited, however, as explained below, by the rvalue of the voltage across the previously charged vspace-measuring condenser SMC.

The limit switches 251 and 258 control the extent of charging of their respective space-holding They are effective to limit or cut off the charging whenever the respective voltages across the condenser approach in value the voltage across the space-measuring-condenser SMC.

Each of the limit-switches 251 and 258 are, in effect, sensitive relays comprising actuating relay coils located in the plate circuits of associated triodes SHVI and SHV2, respectively.

An actuating relay coil 251M and energizing battery 251B'are included within the plate circuit of triode SHVI, and serve to maintain the limit-switch 251 closed whenever effective current is allowed to ow in the plate circuit by reason of proper modincation of the negative grid bias provided by a grid-battery 251e. Such modiflcation is accomplished whenever the spacemeasuring condenser SMC is charged, because the 'positive side of such condenser is electrically connected with the grid circuit of the triode.

A similar situation exists with respect to the limit-switch 258, a triode SHV2 being concerned, in place of the triode SHV I.

'I'he positive side of the first space-holding "condenser SHCI is electrically connected with the filament circuit of triode SHVI, as is also the line from the SHD' diode through limit-switch 251.' Similarly, the positive side of the second space-holding vcondenser SHC2 is electrically connected with the filament circuit of triode SHV2, as is also the line from the SHD diode through limit-switch 258. Accordingly, when the voltage across either the space-holding condenser `SHCI or the space-holding condenser SHC2 approaches the voltage across the space-measuring `condenser SMC in value, the modifying Vetect 

